The Illegality Of The War On Afghanistan International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1223 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war The war against Afghanistan is illegal. The US, assisted by Canada and Britain is bombing Afghanistan and will perhaps use additional force with ground troops for the stated purpose of capturing or killing Osama bin Laden and others associated with his organization and of toppling the Taliban government. No international or national law or policy legalizes these. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Illegality Of The War On Afghanistan International Law Essay" essay for you Create order attacks on Afghanistan. No resolutions of the United Nations Security Council or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization could provide a legal justification for these attacks and none do. The war against Afghanistan violates international law including the Charter of the United Nations (The Charter), the Geneva Conventions and the relevant provisions of the eleven International agreements dealing with the suppression and control of terrorism. The attacks by bombing and the use of other military force are war crimes pursuant to the Rome Statute. THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS (THE CHARTER) The Charter prohibits the use and the threatened use of any force in their international relations. The Charter specifically prohibits the use of force to topple foreign governments. It goes without saying that all national and International laws forbid the killing of non-combatants (i.e. arguably all Afghanis) the bombing and other use of force in Afghanistan will inevitably kill and injure large numbers of non-combatants. The October 11 edition of the Vancouver Sun reports 200 people in Afghanistan killed in US bombing raids including 4 United Nations employees. October 13, 2001 reports indicate a residential area hit by a missile. Mass killing of non-combatants is considered by the world community to be the most egregious of crimes. The Preamble to the Rome Statute, in reference to such crimes states, Mindful that during this century millions of children, women and men have been victims of unimaginable atrocities that deeply shock that conscience of Humanity. The United State s, United Kingdom, Canada and Afghanistan are all Member States of the United Nations. The Charter of the United Nations imposes on members the binding obligation to settle disputes in a manner that ensures the maintenance of peace and justice. Article 2 of the Charter prohibits the use or threatened use of force against another state. [See below] The Article 2 prohibition applies to all force and is a rule of customary international law. As such the Article 2 prohibition is universally binding even on the few states not members of the United Nations. The Article 2 prohibition has been reiterated in numerous resolutions of the UN General Assembly. For example on 17 December 1984 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution affirming the inadmissibility of the policy of State terrorism including actions by States aimed at undermining the sociopolitical systems in other sovereign states. This resolution specifically prohibits the use of military action and contains the demand: th at all States take no actions aimed at military, intervention and occupation, forcible change in or undermining of the socio-political system of States, destabilization and overthrow of the their Governments and, in particular, initiate no military action to that end under any pretext whatsoever and cease forthwith any such action already in progress. The fact that the attacks on Afghanistan are in response to horrific crimes believed to have been committed by people believed to be hiding in Afghanistan does not provide any legal justification whatsoever. The Charter is based on the belief that international law should not be enforced at the expense of international peace. Neither can international law be enforced by the commission of more crimes.2 The Preamble to the Charter states the purpose of the United Nations is to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.3 SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS The United Nations Security Council, (Security Council), the body with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, passed two resolutions regarding the September 11 attacks: resolution 1268 on 12 September 2001 and Resolution 1373 on 28 September 2001. Neither resolution authorizes the use of force. Resolution 1373 (2001) adopted by the Security Council at its 4385th meeting on 28 September 2001 (incorporating the earlier resolution of 12 September) affirms the responsibility of Member States to take only those measures that are: in compliance with national and international law including international human rights standards to prevent and suppress terrorist attacks and to take action against the perpetrators. Security Council Resolution 1373 specifically restricts member states to actions that are authorized by law and in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. Canada is already largely in compliance with the directives conta ined in Resolution 1373 and has promulgated regulations under Canadas United Nations Act to implement provision of the resolution, including prohibiting financing and fundraising and for freezing the assets of terrorist organizations. Article 51 of the Charter defines Member States right of self-defence. This article neither authorizes bombing and armed force as self-defence nor bestows legal authority for the US to wage war. Article Si gives Member States the narrow power to defend themselves against a continuing armed assault until such time as the Security Council intervenes to maintain and restore peace and security. Article Si of the Charter does not create any right to make retaliatory attacks or to engage in the use of force to repel anticipated armed attacks. The right to self-defense in Article 51 is restricted to actions that are necessary to, repel and proportionate to an ongoing armed attack and only exists until the Security Council takes measures to restore peace an d security. The right to self defense is restricted to self defense action and is further restricted to those actions necessary to maintain international peace and security and must be carried out in accordance with the Charter. The entire Charter is based on the premise that Member States must maintain international peace, security and justice and may not use force to settle international disputes or to remove foreign governments. Article 51 does not displace the obligation imposed on States by Article 2.4 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION RESOLUTIONS Media coverage also infers that some legal authority for the use of armed force against Afghanistan or the Taliban was created by the resolutions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). That assumption is entirely false and is made clear from its resolution below. NATO, a regional organization with the goal of restoring and maintaining the security of the North Atlantic area, resolved on September 12 2001 that the September 11 attacks were covered by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty and therefore all NATO members will consider the September 11 attacks as an armed attack against all NATO members. The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations will assist the Party or P arties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such actions as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measure taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to respect and maintain international peace and security. Article 5, The Washington Treaty.

Factors Limiting the Growth of Film Industry in Kenya

1.0 Background information Film industry in Kenya has a significant influence on the growth of economy. The film industry is expected to grown tremendously over the coming years. The slow growth of film industry in Kenya can be greatly attributed to the advancement of technology. In order for the indigenous film industry in Kenya to produce quality films worthy of a global audience, there are a number of educational, technological, and commercial concerns that need to be address. Such as Lack of film education, maintaining an indigenous Kenyan voice, telling a story creatively and effectively. Organization of above-the-line and below-the-line talent. Finding funding financial backers. Technology, finding an audience .This paper is going†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The commission is in the process of trying to set up a School of Excellence in film such as Multimedia University of Kenya. We’ve talked to professors in the States about sharing curriculum with us† (Course coordinator of Film and Animation Multimedia University Collage of Kenya November 8TH 2012).One of the ways to overcome the challenges facing the Kenyan film industry is to have willing and able educators share their film education with Kenyans. These Kenyans can then share their experience and achievements with others, which will, over time, build up the first generation of schooled filmmakers. 2: Maintaining an Indigenous, Kenyan voice - Films coming out of Kenya will inevitably reflect the life, culture, and values of Kenya. Louis Giannetti (2008) explained the essence of national cinema in his book, Understanding Movies. â€Å"Every nation has a characteristic way of looking at life, a set of values that is typical of a given culture. The same can be said of their movies† (p. 465). In contrast to American cinema, â€Å"Third World films tend to be preoccupied with issues such as neocolonialism, underdevelopment, the oppression of women, and especially poverty† (p. 467). The same can be said of films in Kenya, and Kibera Kid serves as a prime example. Pramaggiore and Wallis (2006) would classify Kenyan cinema as Third Cinema, in â€Å"opposition to the First Cinema (commercial and industrial Hollywood) and Second Cinema (the international,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Globalization Is Good1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthe government of Taiwan started to offer yields of land for families to own and operate off of. The land, which was supplied with food/crop, released man power for industry to prosper. As the government distributed the land, the owners took advantage. Taiwan’s rural beginnings lead to industrial wealth like Mr. Wang, shown in the film. These people’s homes acted as factories inside and out. 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Physician Assisted Suicide Is Not A Beneficial Treatment...

Physician-Assisted Suicide Imagine having a relative with a terminal illness; perhaps this person feels that their only option is assisted-suicide. Now, put yourself into their shoes. Would you choose to live the rest of your days in pain, or would you choose to die with a sense of dignity? Physician-assisted suicide has been prohibited for many years and many physicians have given their input on the subject, enlightening many on the fundamentals of assisted-suicide; others have stated their opinions on the topic and the way that it violates many people’s moral judgement. Although opposing viewpoints argue that physician assisted suicide is not a beneficial treatment for medical patients, the medicalization of suicide should be legalized†¦show more content†¦The conclusion of going through with the medicalization of the patient’s suicide could help he or she to avoid becoming â€Å"vulnerable to suggestions from family members that they could make everyone s life easier by ending their own† (â€Å"Death† 2) in a more forceful way than perhaps a lethal injection in a hospital. Assisted-suicide is a over dramatic expression for patient autonomy. Patient autonomy is defined as an â€Å"individual’s right to decide what to do with his or her own body, and the duty of the physician to relieve the patient’s suffering† (Rogatz 1). A patient should certainly have the right to choose what happens to his or her own body. The life of a patient should not be put solely into the hands of a doctor. If the he or she so chooses, physician-assisted suicide should be made available to the terminally ill. A physician, although it should be their obligation to help a patient, should not feel obligated to be the assistant in a person’s suicide. Assisted suicide is a source of â€Å"empowerment† for the patients, using â€Å"self-determination†, to make them feel as if they have a place in their treatment and to retain their dignity by maintaining their mental faculties by the end of their time (Salem 2). Laws have been enforced to prohibit the assistance of a physician in the act of committing suicide because it violates the hippocratic oath. The hippocratic oath says that a doctorShow MoreRelatedIs Physician Assisted Suicide A Good Idea?1464 Words   |  6 PagesIs Physician-Assisted Suicide a Good Idea? Imagine having a relative with a terminal illness; perhaps this person feels that his only option is assisted-suicide. Now, put yourself into his shoes. 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Emotional Intelligence Health Counselling And Behaviour...

Emotional Intelligence Paper Mr. Noah Gentner AHSS*1310 Health Counselling Behaviour Change Francis Anne Manalo (0870827) April 7, 2015 Emotional Intelligence (EI) the ability to recognize various emotions and how to manage them in social situations. This ability can vary between different people depending on their personality. One can determine emotional intelligence based on four traits; Self awareness, self management, empathy, and social relations. Self awareness is defined as recognizing your own emotions and how they affect your behaviour. When assessing myself in this dimension, I would say that I have a good ability to recognize my own emotions and how they affect my behaviour. I can recognize my own emotions such as stressed especially, when exam period starts. I will feel overwhelmed and start to freak out about exams and grades which will have a negative impact on how I think and behave. When I feel overwhelmed and stressed, I will usually try to avoid whatever it is that is making me feel this way, even though I know that I need to do whatever it is I am avoiding. I start to overthink all of my actions wh ich stress me out even more and it begins a constant cycle of me overreacting and stressing out over everything until I wear myself out. Not only can I recognize my emotions I can also recognize the feeling of others, as well as understand their wants, needs, and viewpoints. Empathy is the ability to recognize what other people are feeling.Show MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Counselling, Clinical, And School Psychology1502 Words   |  7 PagesAREAS OF SPECIALIZATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN COUNSELLING, CLINICAL, AND SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY Psychology, a social science that deals with the study of behaviour and mental processes is an evolving field that has over nineteen (19) major areas of specializations. New areas are being developed and existing areas are evolving to address the needs that arise to understand human behaviour and also how adjustments can be made. Every field in psychology is designed to solve conflictsRead MoreCounselling Concepts Level 21303 Words   |  6 PagesCOUNSELLING CONCEPTS LEVEL 2 ESSAY The decision to take this course was rooted in a deepening interest in psychotherapy, self–development, the welfare of other people and in a desire to gain a theoretical base to enrich my current arts and health practice. I understand counselling to be a helping practice that differs from other helping activities, such as teaching for example. Counselling requires professional training and is specifically contracted or explicitly agreed. It has a theoreticalRead MoreMod 6 Relationship Theory Used In Couples Counselling3719 Words   |  15 Pageswho is engaged in couples counselling Name: Zoe Foster Date: 14th January 2015 Course: SOUTH2S14 Module #: 6 Tutor Name: Anni Richardson Expected Word Count: 2500 Actual Word Count: 2634 Introduction In this paper I will look at what is means to be a couples’ counsellor. What theories apply to this mode of counselling and how can these can be utilised during the sessions. I will also consider some of the aspects that need to be considered with couples counselling including tools and key focusRead MoreThe Educator in a Pastoral Role4237 Words   |  17 Pagesof the group experiences difficult circumstances. As he was quite a leader in the group, James was accepted and liked by all. He had also been popular with most teachers, with good behaviour and high school marks. However, James’s class teacher noticed a sudden drop in all his school subject results. 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The Forbidden Game The Hunter Chapter 2 Free Essays

She stopped. The boy was holding out the box to her. Jenny hesitated, nonplussed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"You can hold it if you want,† he said gently. â€Å"Okay,† Jenny said, embarrassed, her vehemence fading. She took the glossy box gingerly between her palms-and forgot everything else. It was cool and just weighty enough to be intriguing. Something inside rattled slightly, mysteriously. There was a quality about it that Jenny couldn’t describe, a sort of electric current that ran up her fingers as she held it. â€Å"We’re closing,† the boy said briskly, with another of his arbitrary mood swings. â€Å"You gonna buy it?† She was. She knew perfectly well anybody crazy enough to buy a box without looking inside it deserved whatever they got, but she didn’t care. She wanted it, and she felt a strange reluctance to take the lid off and peek in. No matter what, this would make a great story to tell Tom and the others tonight. â€Å"The craziest thing happened to me today. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"How much?† she asked. He went to the counter and hit a key on an antique-looking brass cash register. â€Å"Call it twenty.† Jenny paid. She noticed the cash drawer was full of odd-looking money all jumbled together: square coins, coins with holes in the center, crumpled bills in pastel colors. The wrongness of that cut into her pleasure in the box a little, and she felt another chill, like spiders walking on gooseflesh. When she looked up, the boy was smiling at her. â€Å"Enjoy,† he said, and then his heavy lashes drooped as if at a private joke. From somewhere a clock chimed the little unfinished tune that meant half past some hour. Jenny glanced down at her watch and stiffened in horror. Seven-thirty-it couldn’t be! There was no way she could have been in this store for over an hour, but it was true. â€Å"Thank you; I have to go,† she gasped distractedly, heading for the door. â€Å"Uh-see you later.† It was just a politeness, not meant to be answered, but he did answer. He murmured what sounded like â€Å"at nine† but undoubtedly was â€Å"that’s fine† or something like that. When she looked back, he was standing half in shadow, with the stained glass of a lamp throwing blue and purple stripes on his hair. For just a second she caught something in his eyes-a hungry look. A look completely at odds with the indifferent manner he’d worn while speaking to her. Like-a starving tiger about to go hunting. It shocked Jenny so much that her â€Å"goodbye† froze in her throat. Then it was gone. The boy in black reached over and turned the acid house music on. Terrific soundproofing, Jenny thought as the door closed behind her and the music was cut off. She gave herself a mental shake, throwing off the lingering image of those blue eyes. Now if she ran all the way home, she might just have time to throw some Cheez Whiz in the microwave and shove a handful of CDs in the player. Oh, God, what a day! That was when she noticed the tough guys. They were waiting for her across the street, hidden in the blue-gray shadows of dusk. Jenny saw them coming and felt a jolt to her stomach. Swiftly and automatically she stepped backward, reaching behind her for the doorknob. Where was it? And why was she so stupid today? She should have asked the guy in black if she could use the phone; she should have called Tom-or Dee-Where was the knob? They were close enough that she could see that the one in the flannel shirt had bad skin. The one with the bandanna was grinning in a very creepy way. They were both coming toward her and where was the freaking doorknob? All she could feel behind her was cool, painted concrete. Where is it where is it – Throw the box at them, she thought, suddenly calm and clear. Throw it and run. Maybe they’ll stop to investigate it. Her mind, utterly practical, ordered her hand to stop searching for a doorknob that wasn’t there. Waste of time. With both hands she lifted the white box to throw it. She wasn’t sure exactly what happened next. Both guys stared at her and then-they turned around and started running. Running. Flannels was in the lead, and Bandanna just a length behind him, and they were running like deer, with an animal grace and economy of motion. Fast. And Jenny hadn’t thrown the box after all. My fingers †¦ I didn’t throw the box because I couldn’t let go because my fingers †¦ Shut up, her mind told her. If you’re dumb enough to care more about a box than about your own life, okay, but at least we don’t have to dwell on the subject. Walking quickly, sweatered arms cradling the box to her chest, she started for home. She didn’t turn around to see how she’d missed the doorknob with all her behind-the-back fumbling. At the time she simply forgot. It was ten to eight when Jenny finally neared her street. The lighted living rooms in the houses she passed looked cozy. She was out in the chill dark. Somewhere on the way home she’d started to have misgivings about the game. Her mother always said she was too impulsive. Now she’d bought this-thing-without even knowing exactly what was inside. Even as she thought it, the box seemed to thrum slightly in her arms as if charged with hidden power. Don’t be silly. It’s a box. But those guys ran, something whispered in the back of her mind. Those guys were spooked. As soon as she got home, she was going to check this game out. Examine it thoroughly. A wind had sprung up and was moving the trees on Mariposa Street. Jenny lived in a sprawling ranch-style house set among those trees. As she approached it, something slunk furtively by the front doorway. A shadow-a small one. Jenny felt a prickling at the back of her neck. Then the shadow moved under the porch light and turned into the ugliest cat in America. Its fur was mottled gray and cream (like a case of mange, Michael said), and its left eye had a permanent squint. Jenny had taken it in a year ago, and it was still wild. â€Å"Hey, Cosette,† Jenny said, darting forward and petting the cat as relief swept through her. I’m really getting jumpy, she thought, scared by every little shadow. Cosette put her ears back and growled like the possessed girl in The Exorcist. She didn’t bite, though. Animals never bit Jenny. Once in the front hallway Jenny sniffed suspiciously. Sesame oil? Her parents were supposed to be leaving for the weekend. If they’d changed their minds†¦ Alarmed, she dumped her backpack-and the white box-on the living room coffee table as she galloped to the kitchen. â€Å"At last! We were beginning to think you weren’t coming.† Jenny stared. The girl who’d spoken was wearing an army fatigue jacket and sitting on the counter, one incredibly long leg braced on Jenny’s mother’s blondwood kitchen table, the other dangling. Her hair was cropped so close to her head it looked like little nubs of black velvet on her skull. She was as beautiful as an African priestess, and she was grinning wickedly. â€Å"Dee †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jenny began. The other inhabitant of the kitchen was wearing a black-and-white houndstooth-check jacket and Chanel earrings. Around her was spread a sea of utensils and ingredients: metal cleavers and ladles, eggs, a can of bamboo shoots, a bottle of rice wine. A wok was sizzling on the stove. â€Å"†¦ and Audrey!† Jenny said. â€Å"What are you doing here?† â€Å"Saving your butt,† Audrey answered calmly. â€Å"But-you’re cooking!† â€Å"Of course. Why shouldn’t I cook? When Daddy was assigned to Hong Kong we had a chef who was like part of the family; he used to talk Cantonese to me while Daddy was working and Mother was at the beauty parlor. I loved him. Naturally I can cook.† While this speech was going on, Jenny was looking back and forth from one girl to the other. When it was over she burst into laughter, shaking her head. Of course. She should have known she couldn’t fool these two. They must have seen that under her facade of self-confidence about the party she was frantic. They knew her far too well-and they’d come to rescue her. Impulsively Jenny hugged each of them in turn. â€Å"Since Tom loves Chinese, I decided to take care of the food,† Audrey went on, dropping something dumpling-like into the wok. â€Å"But where have you been, hmm? Run into some kind of trouble?† â€Å"Oh-no,† Jenny said. If she explained what had happened, she’d just get yelled at for going into a bad neighborhood. Not by Dee, of course-Deirdre Eliade’s recklessness was matched only by her somewhat skewed sense of humor-but by the ever-practical Audrey Myers. â€Å"I was just buying a game for tonight-but I don’t know if we’re going to need it after all.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jenny didn’t want to explain that, either. She didn’t know how to explain it. She only knew she needed to look at that box before anyone else arrived. â€Å"It might be boring. So what are you making?† She peered into the wok to change the subject. â€Å"Oh, just some Mu shu rou and a few Heijiao niu liu.† Audrey was moving around the kitchen with her usual mannered grace, her tailored clothes un – marred by a single spot of grease. â€Å"That’s stir-fried pork and spring rolls to you provincial types. Also fried rice and the trimmings.† â€Å"Pork,† said Dee, taking a leisurely sip of Carbo Force, her favorite energy drink, â€Å"is death on wheels. You have to lift at the gym for a week to work off one pork chop.† â€Å"Tom loves it,† Audrey said shortly. â€Å"And he looks all right.† Dee gave a maddening laugh, and hostility flashed across the room like lightning. Jenny sighed. â€Å"Oh, get over it. Can’t you call a truce for just one day in the year?† â€Å"I don’t think so,† Audrey hummed, expertly fishing a spring roll out of the wok with chopsticks. Dee’s teeth flashed white in her night-dark face. â€Å"And ruin a perfect record?† she said. â€Å"Look, I am not going to have Tom’s party ruined -not even by my two best friends. Understand?† â€Å"Oh, go to your room and become beautiful,† Audrey said indulgently and picked up a cleaver. The box, thought Jenny-but she did have to change her clothes. She’d better make it fast. In her room Jenny exchanged her crewneck sweater and jeans for a flowing cream-colored skirt, a tissue-linen blouse, and a beaded batik vest that glowed with hundreds of tiny golden threads. Her eyes were drawn to a stuffed white rabbit on the dresser. The rabbit was holding a daisy with the words love you emblazoned across its center. An Easter gift from Tom, a ridiculous thing, but one she knew she would keep forever. The fact that he wouldn’t say the words in public just made this secret confession all the sweeter.p For as long as she could remember, she had been terribly in love with Tom. Whenever she thought of him, it was like a sudden quick ache, a sweetness almost too much to bear. She felt it in various places in her body, but it was an emotional thing, mainly, and centered in her chest. It had been that way since second grade. Stuck around the frame of the mirror were pictures of them together-at the sixth-grade Halloween Hop (in costume), at the ninth-grade graduation dance, at the junior prom two weeks ago, at the beach. They had been a couple for so long that everyone thought of them as Tom-and-Jenny, a single unit. As always, the very image of Tom seemed to wrap a thin blanket of comfort over her. This time, though, Jenny felt something nagging at her underneath the comfort. Something tugging at her to think about it. The box again. Okay, go look at it. Then think party. She was dragging a brush through her hair when there was a perfunctory tap at the door and Audrey came in. â€Å"The spring rolls are finished and the stir-fry has to wait till the last minute.† Audrey’s own hair, which she always wore up, was glossy auburn, almost copper. Her eyes were chestnut and just now narrowed in disapproval. â€Å"New skirt, I see,† she added. â€Å"A long one.† Jenny winced. Tom liked her in long skirts, especially the soft and flowing kind. Audrey knew it and Jenny knew she knew it. â€Å"So?† she said dangerously. Audrey sighed. â€Å"Can’t you see? You’re letting him get too sure of you.† â€Å"Audrey, please-â€Å" â€Å"There’s such a thing as being too good,† Audrey said firmly. â€Å"Listen to me, because I know. Guys are weird, n’est-ce pas? You never want one to be that sure of you.† â€Å"Don’t be ridiculous,† Jenny began, then stopped. For some reason, for just a second, she thought of the guy at the game store. Eyes as blue as the core of a flame. â€Å"I’m serious,† Audrey was saying, her head tilted back to look at Jenny through spiky jet-black eyelashes that touched equally spiky copper bangs. â€Å"If a guy feels too secure, you lose his attention, he takes you for granted. Starts looking at other girls. You want to keep him off balance, never knowing what you’ll do next.† â€Å"Like you do with Michael,† Jenny said absently. â€Å"Oh, Michael.† Audrey made a dismissive gesture with exquisitely polished nails. â€Å"He’s just keeping the seat warm until I decide who’s next. He’s a-a bookmark. But do you see what I’m saying? Even Dee thinks you give in to Tom too much.† â€Å"Dee?† Jenny raised her eyebrows ironically. â€Å"Dee thinks all guys are lying hounds. As boyfriends, anyway.† â€Å"True,† said Audrey. â€Å"It’s strange,† she added thoughtfully, â€Å"how she can be so right about that and so wrong about everything else.† Jenny just made a wry face at her. Then she said, â€Å"You know, Audrey, maybe if you tried being nice first-â€Å" â€Å"Hmm, maybe †¦ when the devil goes ice-skating,† Audrey said. Jenny sighed. Audrey was the newcomer to their group; she’d moved to Vista Grande last year. All the others had known each other since elementary school, and Dee had known Jenny longest of all. When Audrey arrived, Dee had gotten-well, jealous. They’d been fighting ever since. â€Å"Just try not to kill each other during the party,† Jenny said. Deliberately she pulled her hair back – the way Tom liked it-and anchored its silkiness with an elastic band. Then she smiled at Audrey and said, â€Å"Let’s go back to the kitchen.† When they did they found that Michael and Zach had arrived-looking, as usual, as different as night and day. Michael Cohen was shaped like a teddy bear, with dark hair as rumpled as his gray sweats and the eyes of a sarcastic spaniel. Zach Taylor had light hair pulled back in a casual ponytail, an intense beaky-nosed face, and eyes as gray as the winter sky. â€Å"How’s the flu?† Jenny said, kissing Zachary’s cheek. She could do this safely because she’d been exposed to his germs all week, and besides, he was her cousin. Zach’s gray eyes softened for just an instant, then went cool again. Jenny was never quite sure if Zach liked her or merely tolerated her the way he did everyone else. â€Å"Hello, Michael,† she said, giving him a pat instead of a kiss. The liquid spaniel eyes turned toward her. â€Å"You know,† Michael said, â€Å"sometimes I worry about us, about our whole generation. Do we know what we’re doing? Are we any better than the Me Generation? What do we have to look forward to, except driving better cars than our parents? I mean, what is the point?† â€Å"Hello, Michael,† said Audrey. â€Å"Hello, O light of my life. Is this an egg roll I see before me?† Michael said, reaching. â€Å"Don’t eat that. Put it back on the plate with the others and take it out to the living room.† â€Å"I live to serve,† Michael said and departed. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 2, Essay examples

Leadership in Health Care Behaviour

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Health Care Behaviour. Answer: Introduction According to Schein (2010), leadership can be considered as the behaviour of an individual who has the potentiality to direct the activities of a group to the shared goal. The key responsibilities of a leader may involve promoting team work as well as influencing positive energy in order to keep pace with the changes. While implementing leadership style in health care settings, it is found that most theories were not developed supporting the health care system. According to Selznick (2011), the leaders of health care system possess some special characteristics, which are unique to support the environment of the health care system. An ideal health care system is consisting of numerous departments. Professional groups as well as specialties nonlinear and intricate interactions between them. Therefore, it can be said that the leaders in the health care organization should have the experience to work in a diversified working environment and have the quality to promote positive energy in the organization culture. According to Wheatley (2010), it is found that due to the presence of huge diversity and subcultures within the organization, it becomes complicated to control all of the workers in the health care organization under one leader. Therefore, the leader should be recruited to lead individual groups of the health care organization with their unique leadership skills. It is the responsibility of a health care leader to use the resources in a proper way and guide the nurses and other health care personals to maintain the working spirit within the health care organization and offer their best care toward the patients. The characteristics of an ideal team leader in a heath care organization According to Aaker Joachimsthaler (2012), it is found that different types of leadership approaches can be adopted by the leaders of the health care system. The various types of leadership styles can be summed as transformational leadership, collaborative leadership, distributed leadership, shared leadership and transactional leadership. Among all these types of leadership styles, it is recognized that transformational leadership is one of the best styles that can be followed by the leaders in a health care system to increase positive energy within the organization and influence the health care workers to merge their personal goals with the organizations goal. According to the study of Raelin (2011), it is recognized that an effective tea leader of the health care system should have unique characteristics that influence the team members as well as co-workers to follow him or her. Although it is noticed that all types of leaders posses certain qualities, the leaders in the health car e system should posses some unique characteristics. The characteristics that should be possessed by the health care leaders are as follows Communication: As an effective team leader the leader of the health care organization should communicate clearly without any ambiguity. The leader should have excellent verbal as well as written communication skills. It is better if the leader is comfortable to communicate in more than one language. Organization: As an effective team leader the leader of the health care organization need to posses great organization skills in order to develop ideal strategies in order to encourage the team members to perform optimally (Ward, 2011). An ideal team leader put efforts to organize the team and motivate them to meet the companys goal. Confidence: A quality team leader should have confidences on his ability as well as on the team members. A confident leader always makes decisions that can increase the efficiency of the team. A self-confident team leader can also increase the confidence level among the team members. Respectful: A quality team leader is always respectful towards the team members (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). A respectful team leader is always helpful to empower the employees by considering the ideas given by the team members. Fair: According to Zhang Bartol (2010), it is found that a quality team leader should treat the team members fairly. A respectful leader should take disciplinary action to control the team. On the other hand, rewards and recognition play an important role to retain the nurses in the organization. Fair leaders in a health care organization always try to evaluate the performances of the team members and recognize them. Integrity: According to Denis et al. (2010), it is found that a quality team leader is always honest his or her team members. Leaders who have integrity become a trust worthy of the team members, which influences positive energy in the system. Therefore, the leader of a health care system should possess integrity. Influential: Influential leaders inspire the team members to commit their best for the organization. Influential leaders in the health care system are always valued for their motivation skills. Delegation: An ideal leader always knows how to share leadership through delegation. Leaders with delegation power are proved as helpful to improve the structure of the health care organization. Facilitator: A quality team leader in health care organization is always an effective Facilitator, who understands to the goal of the organization and facilitates the team members to achieve their personal goals as well as the organizational goal Berwick Hackbarth (2012). Independent thinker: An ideal team leader should be an independent thinker and have a vision in order to keep pace with the continuously changing health care environment. Positive towards the change: According to Ford Harding (2011), the environment of a health care system is always changing with the extensive growth of science and technology. Depth knowledge about the disease and patient care: In order to improve the quality care offered by the organization it is important that the leaders of the heath care system should posses a deep knowledge about the patient care and diseases. Potential consequences of poor leadership being demonstrated by the team leader According to Chullen et al. (2010), Good leadership is like the light, permeating into every aspect of the business; and poor leadership is like the shadow, darkening many areas of the organization. It is found from the study of Flodgren et al. (2011), that the existence of poor leadership can destroy the healthy environment of an organization. A health care organization is a set up where the leaders play a key role to enhance the quality of services and relief the patients as well as their families as much as possible. However, it is found that the consequences of poor leadership are not only harmful to the sustainability of a health care system but also affect the health of the patients. As opined by Martin Learmonth (2012), some problems can occur in the organization. It is found that poor leadership can be a result of lack of vision or misleading of the leaders. It is found that the leaders should have vision so that they can guide the team members to reach the goal of the organ ization as well as accomplishing personal targets. If the leader lacks the vision and does not know about the goal of the organization, it is found that the leader fails to guide the team members to achieve the organizations target. Lack of strong leadership will also affect the efficiency level of the workers. This is because without a proper vision and guidance the work will be accomplished by the workers mechanically but not with intelligent direction towards a common goal. On the other hand, it is also found that poor leadership in an organization can cause gaps between the development of a strategy to reach the organizations target and the execution of the strategy in an effective way. According to the study of Huber (2013), it is found that most of the managers in the organization who posses poor leadership skills can cause this gap between the strategy development and the implementation of the strategy in the work place environment. The researchers also proved that the poor leadership can also cause gap as they only like some selective people and rely on them for the execution of the strategy, which is not desirable for the growth of an organization. Poor leadership style coupled with poor and homogeneous team setting can result in the cognitive gap within the organization, and the productivity or the service qualities are compromised (Cummings et al., 2010). Further, it is recognized that an ideal leader always considers the opinions of the team me mbers but the poor leaders either tries to avoid them or keep promising them to consider their opinions or suggestions. On the other hand, it is also recognized that poor leadership style in an organization can be considered as the root of the culture of mediocrity. The ideal leaders try to motivate the fellow team members to improve their performances even if their performances are not deteriorating. However, the poor leaders never pay attention to the performances of the team members and rarely think about the improvement of the skills of the team members. A leader not only contributes to building an idea team but also contributes to developing a better organization culture that can keep pace with the changing environment and the technologies. Sometimes the poor leaders do not recognize the performances of the team members over some particular "favorites." Due to this partiality the working environment and the spirit of the working culture get hurt. According to Hunziker et al. (2011), it is noticed that the increasing number of employee turnover takes place due to the poor leadership, which is not good for the growth or development of an organization or a particular company. Poor leadership always have an impact on almost every area of busine ss. Several issues can generate within an organization due to poor leadership, such as employee retention issue, decreasing attachment of the employees in the organization, scaling issues, morale as well as the low employee performances. Although an organization can experience different types of problems due to poor leadership style, it is found that the impact of the poor leadership on the employees also needs to be considered. The impact of poor leadership on the employees may include rising of confusion and misunderstanding among the workers as well as between the management personals. The poor leadership can also loosen the bond between the employees of the organization as well as the goal of the organization. According to Marshall (2010), one of the most common effects of poor leadership in an organization are employee dissatisfaction and employee turnover. Impact of poor leadership in a health care organization The services offered by any health care organization in the developed world are so important that the government of every country always focus on the development of the heath care centre. However, it is found that the effort of the governments is nothing but futile when the leaders of the organizations are not following "ideal leadership style." According to Liechty (2011), a health care organization is considered as the corner stone of the society. Therefore, the degrading condition of a health care organization also effects the society. It is also evident from researches that poor leadership can cause the degradation of the health care system. The difficulties that could be experienced by any health care system due to poor leadership style are as follows- Miscommunication among the employees: According to Weaver et al. (2010), it is found that due to poor leadership style, miscommunication among the nurses and the midwives are very common, which can cause serious trouble to the treatment of the patients. The wrong dosage of medicines and other treatments due to miscommunication can lead to the death of the patient. High turnover among the nurses: It is found that due to poor leadership skill the employee dissatisfaction takes place, which results in the huge turnover number of an organization. Lack of motivation: Due to poor leadership skill it is found that most of the employees feel de-motivated and contribute to the increasing of employee turnover. Poor nursing skills: If the leader does not possess profound knowledge about the skills and the expertise about patient care and patient treatment, he or she will fail to guide the fellow nurses to improve their quality care. Therefore, the poor leadership style can hamper the nursing skills of a health care organization. Poor service quality: Due to poor leadership, a health care organization can experience de-motivation among the employees, poor nursing skills as well as miscommunications among the staffs and the nurses, which will inevitably have a negative impact on the service quality offered by the organization. According to Flodgren et al. (2011), it is found that the reason behind the poor service offered by the health care organization is poor leadership style. The use of leadership analysis tool Leadership is considered as one of the strongest characteristics of a person, which hep him or her to be established in life and contribute to the development of a company, an organization or the society. Although leaders perform their duties to lead their teams based on their knowledge and acquired skills, it is important to analyze the leadership style. The leadership analysis is count as an art of analyzing leaders into basic "psychological components." The leadership analysis is used by the practitioners as well as by the academics. Good leadership analysis is helpful to improve the quality of a leader. According to Huber (2013), psychological tools can be used by the academics in order to evaluate leadership in a proper way. One of the best leadership analysis tools is applied analysis, which primarily focused on developmental, personality and psychoanalytic theories that also includes early experiences and role models. The academic leadership analysis may be composed of verbal categories, motivation assessments, trait assessment, conceptual complexity, motivation assessment and operational coding. All of the leadership analysis tools may be consists of a chart of close-ended questions. Through answering this series of questions, the analyst can calculate the score and interpret the data. The questions are formed by focusing on several characteristics such as personal characteristics of the leader, self-confidence of the leader, positive attitude as well as outlook, and the emotional intelligence of the leaders. Conclusion After analyzing the leadership skills and its importance in the organization's settings, it can be said that the role played by the leaders are not only important for the organization's development but also its growth and sustainability. Based on the evidence showed by the researchers it is found that the organization culture and the work efficiency of the health care organizations are hugely dependent n the leadership skills of the health care personals. After analyzing the leadership theories, it is recognized that the transformational leadership style is the best leadership style that can be acquired by the health care personals. On the other hand, it is also found that the poor leadership skill can have a deep impact on the sustainability and the quality of services offered by a health care organization. Therefore, in order to improve the quality services of a health care organization, it is important to acquire a leadership style, which is appropriate for that particular health care setting. Reference Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Berwick, D. M., Hackbarth, A. D. (2012). Eliminating waste in US health care.Jama,307(14), 1513-1516. Chullen, C. L., Dunford, B. B., Angermeier, I., Boss, R. W., Boss, A. D. (2010). Minimizing Deviant Behavior in Healthcare Organizations: The Effects of Supportive Leadership and Job Designn/Practitioner Application.Journal of Healthcare Management,55(6), 381. Cummings, G. G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Wong, C. A., Lo, E., Muise, M., Stafford, E. (2010). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,47(3), 363-385. Denis, J. L., Langley, A., Rouleau, L. (2010). The practice of leadership in the messy world of organizations.Leadership,6(1), 67-88. Flodgren, G., Parmelli, E., Doumit, G., Gattellari, M., OBrien, M. A., Grimshaw, J., Eccles, M. P. (2011). Local opinion leaders: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,8(8). Ford, J., Harding, N. (2011). The impossibility of the true selfof authentic leadership.Leadership,7(4), 463-479. Huber, D. (2013).Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hunziker, S., Johansson, A. C., Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., Rock, L., Howell, M. D., Marsch, S. (2011). Teamwork and leadership in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,57(24), 2381-2388. Liechty, J. M. (2011). Health literacy: Critical opportunities for social work leadership in health care and research.Health Social Work,36(2), 99-107. Marshall, E. (2010).Transformational leadership in nursing: From expert clinician to influential leader. Springer Publishing Company. Martin, G. P., Learmonth, M. (2012). A critical account of the rise and spread of leadership: the case of UK healthcare.Social science medicine,74(3), 281-288. Raelin, J. (2011). From leadership-as-practice to leaderful practice.Leadership,7(2), 195-211. Schein, E. H. (2010).Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Selznick, P. (2011).Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Ward, J. L. (2011).Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Palgrave Macmillan. Weaver, S. J., Lyons, R., DiazGranados, D., Rosen, M. A., Salas, E., Oglesby, J., ... King, H. B. (2010). The anatomy of health care team training and the state of practice: a critical review.Academic Medicine,85(11), 1746-1760. Wheatley, M. J. (2010).Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world. ReadHowYouWant. com. Zhang, X., Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement.Academy of management journal,53(1), 107-128.

Company Information Thylmann Flour Mills free essay sample

The mill building is considerably increased in this time of the economic departure in Germany (early days), particularly as it lies favourably with the Nidder sure about water and near big hypermarkets in Offenbach, Hanau and Frankfurt. 1887 The natal year of Heinrich Thylmann. This extends the land mill in an industrial company. 1900 The daily performance of the mill is incrased from 1. 5 metric tons to 20 metric tons by technical renewals. The mill wheels are substituted by the end of the century with 50 HP turbines and 40 HP- Lokomobile. Besides, the engaged miller exerts himself successfully for the railway construction with siding track to his mill. 1911 On 31. 8. 1911 the modern Muhlwerk completely burns out and must be sprinkled. The mill approaches only in the 20s again the old daily performance, particularly as the steam power is substituted with 50 HP of engine. 1927 This year the mill equipment is altered once more. Two trucks with followers supply quickly the clientele. 1932/33 The mill is raised on six floors and the silo arrangement and cleansing arrangement is incorporated in the mill building structurally. New roller chairs are put up and now the daily performance amounts to 54 metric tons. 1959 This year dies Heinrich Thylmann. After his death the widow Anna Thylmann continues the company up to her death in 1979. The company goes over on her Daughter Anneliese. 1982 The Kilianstadtermuhle acquires 1982 shares of the company Jung and Schmitt , to the leading private wholesaler for bakers, confectioneries and ice-cream parlours in the Rhine Main area. In 1990 the shares go to 100% to the Kilianstadtermuhle. Today JUNG and SCHMITT is escorted by Anneliese Thylmann son Michael Frese as a manager. 992 The new building of a more modern wheat mill allows in 1992 a sevenfold rise of the milling capacity in the wheat area on approx. 250 metric tons during the day. A modern computer control admits a continuous production process which makes easier the observance of a constant flour quality. 2000-05 Henrik Frese is active since 2000 in the mill: At the moment the mill occupies 45 employees and h as in the wheat area a capacity of 250 metric tons during the day and in the rye area a day capacity of 70 metric tons. Staff Our mill team Any time for you ready Our mill team knows what it depends on. We carry joint responsibility for the success of our customers. Flour quality and a certified consultation are connected with us inseparably with each other. To guarantee this, we bind the employees in the long term to our house and put away for employees trainings a high value. The integration of the employees in the responsibility should have to is aimed at improving the efficiency that is called: to protect an economic production with constant product quality. We everything must perceive the tasks transferred to us reliably. To us must be aware daily that the responsibility for quality concerns everybody in the enterprise. Grain Good grain needs a good agriculture The prevailing part of the grain comes from the Wetterau. Between TAUNUS and VOGELSBERG conveniently rules an especially growth-supporting climate. The dark grounds rich in mineral offer the best condition for a full development the wheat and rye ears. The qualities achieved from it are to be classified from well to very well. With priority kinds are used in the wheat cultivation A-and B. These have excellent baking qualities for the later flour processing The delivery of the grain occurs to 70% directly from the farmer. Remaining 30% are covered about land trader. Therefore a steady supply of the desired qualities occurs about the whole grain financial year. Hence, a long respect of the Kilianstadtermuhle with her partners in the agriculture and the supplied baking companies is absolutely typical After the delivery wheat or rye are stored in surfaces-careful structural engineering way and are provided later for the production. Production From the grain to the flour. Cleaning. To allow around our high high-class state kind, our grain runs through a very costly cleaning process. This divides itself into the following areas: Swinging sieve. In the swinging sieve all components are removed by sieving, they are bigger or smaller than the basic grain (e. g. , small grain) Stone-Sensor The stone-sensor removes of all specifically heavy components. (e. g. , glass, stones) Trieur. In trieur all foreign matters are removed, they are smaller or bigger than the normal grain (e. g. ergot, oat) Table-Sorter The table sorter removes foreign body which have, indeed, the same size like the grain, but are specific, lighter or heavier (ergot, light grain). Shy-Machine In the shy machine the sticking dirt is removed in a surface from corundum (rough stone). The bowl of the grain is polished. Lab check. After cleaning becomes to the grain a homogeneous one pattern taken and in the lab on optical and sensor quality checked. On this occasion, in the foreground it is about the protein salary and the case number Grain. After the release an arrangement of the single grain kinds occurs as a recipe for he meal process. Meal process Because grain must be stored very drily, a wetting of the grain with water occurs before the meal process to make the bowl more elastic. On this occasion, an standing-time is to be followed by chance twelve hours according to grain hardness. Only now the real meal process begins: Here become rye or wheat in two different mills separate of each other. The present achievemen t of the rye mill amounts to 70 metric tons per day and Achievement of the wheat mill amounts to 250 metric tons per day. In the mill the moistened grain is squeezed between two rotary rollers. A sieve arrangement separates the squeezed grain in fine and coarse components (flour and bowl). Then the components are supplied to other roller chairs. This procedure recurs so often, until the last flour has been taken from grinding coarsely. Besides, there originate approx. 30 different flours which are distinguished about a mixing snail according to flour -Type in bright or dark flour. To reach a homogeneity of the flours, it is mixed flour afterwards about a flour mixer approx. ight hours and afterwards is stored in the flour cells to next use. Storage At the moment approx. 3,500 metric tons of flour can be stored in the Kilianstadtermuhle. This corresponds by the present delivery to a continuance of approx. 10 days. This time needs the flour to attain his optimum processing qualities or baking qualities. Our flour Still we grind primarily from the grain of the farmers of our bet-rough region the well-tried Thylmann-flour. With the risen requirements of our clientele our flour develops to a qualitatively state kind product. Adapted to the range of products of our bakers we deliver beside the usual wheat and rye flours a huge number of meal products. We offer wheat flour in different qualities of the Type 405,550,812,1050 up to the Type 1600. In particular in the area 550 we make available several special qualities which are adapted to the requirements and processing mechanisms of our customers. In the wheat and rye area we can offer our customers also wholemeal flours as well as different bruised grain from well to roughly in 25 kg or 50 kg of bags. We deliver larger amounts in wholemeal flour of course also in the silo vehicle. As by-products wheat germs and food bran extend our assortment. Interesting for bakers with own sales the offer of small packets of wheat flour Type 405 is as 10 X 1 kg or 4 X 2. 5 kg. From the specific purchase of the raw materials about putting together the suitable grain quality up to him grind up to delivery, the whole process chain of a constant control is defeated by our lab. We hold ready whether craft bakers or industrial bakers, every craft the right flour quality. Quality Checked quality. From the grain delivery to the flour delivery. To guarantee as can be proved a constant level of our products, a quality assurance system was introduced in 1996 after DIN EN ISO 9002. This standard and standardises all processes running off in our mill and guarantees thus a constantly high quality of our products. In 2004 we have moved our system on the revised system for Institute for standardisation DIN EN ISO 9001:2000. The food quality begins for us already with the raw goods. Our high-class quality management system allows a complete control of the delivery of the raw goods up to the end product. All processes are documented with us. Working lab controls in lab (own in company) before the raw material delivery, during the production and before the delivery guarantee the quality. Our mill has joined in 2004 of the investigation row contaminant monitoring of the German Milling Association. On this occasion, the grain patterns which are examined for the most important pollutants, mycotoxin, plant protection agents and macro organisms are sent in regularly. Still we have extended this program, while we have joined the controlling plan of the German Milling Association with regard to feeding products. Since ends of the year we are certificated to QS. Logistics Our flour-We drive everywhere for you Order acceptance and winding up. The order of our customers are adapted to the needs of every singles. Quality, amount, time all criteria find consideration. Standing orders, written orders, telephone order acceptance or about our field service every order is possible. Also emergencies, like urgent and short-term supply, are allowed for you on a quick and unbureaucratic way. Supply We deliver bakers and industrial companies supply with a huge number of different flours. No problem, because we work with the most modern Mixing and loading technique. The supply of material flour occurs by your customer wishes. Therefore any number is possible to Type and amount. Delivery The provided flours are delivered by our own vehicle park to you. The current vehicle park passes of four bag trucks and eight silos trucks which have from on up to four flour chambers. Whether 50 kg in the bag or silo flour of 1-25 metric tons for every requirement have we the optimum vehicle. This allows an everyday delivery capacity up to 450 metric tons.